| Define the fundamental concepts of physiology and homeostasis mechanisms. |
| Explain substance transport across the cell membrane and cellular communication pathways. |
| Explain impulse transmission in neurons and synaptic physiology. |
| Compare the contraction mechanisms of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. |
| Explain the physiological functions of blood and the immune response. |
| Interpret the physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system. |
| Explain gas exchange in the respiratory system and the regulation of respiration. |
| Explain digestive system physiology and nutrient absorption processes. |
| Explain the role of the kidneys in fluid–electrolyte and acid–base balance. |
| Relate the physiological functions of the endocrine and reproductive systems. |